But the real heavy lifting is done by sustainable aviation fuels, whether biofuels or synthetic fuels, but those are absolutely possible. And we now have regulations such as in the EU, which are going to drive that change. And the industry is now behind these changes. This is a revolution in ambition over just five years, and it is a revolution driven by technological possibility. Equally, if you look at the steel sector, next slide, please. If you had asked me just five years ago or maybe six years ago, before we started our mission possible work, how will you decarbonize a steel production? I would have said, almost certainly we continue to use coking coal in blast furnaces, and we add carbon capture and storage (Slide 11, page 59). But in our life lasts later scenarios which again, are endorsed by many of the major a steel companies of the world and by steel technology providers such as Danieli, they’re in Italy, we can see a whole range of new technologies, many of them based on hydrogen coming into play, which will mean that the role of blast furnaces and of coking coal will largely disappear by 2050. We see coking coal demand going down 95%. Now some people say, well, all this is in the future, isn’t it? You’re talking about hydrogen direct reduction, but we can’t yet do it. Well, let me just show you this. This is 100 grams of steel produced at the Ssab pilot plant in northern Sweden, in Lulea produced from hydrogen direct reduction, this is already in pilot plant, it will be going into major scale production in Sweden, in Spain, in Germany test and crop have just made a commitment within the next five years, there is a technological revolution before us. So there is a clear vision and we know the technologies. If I turn to the next slide, please, we see four major technologies in our work at the energy transition Commission. The two on the right have a role to play. They are bio energy, which has a role to play in decarbonisation provided we are very careful about the sustainability limits and the problem of potential competition with food production (Slide 12, page 60). So bioenergy has a role to play, particularly by the way, not so much bioenergy, but biomaterials using biomaterials, for instance, in the plastics process, instead of fossil fuels, so too, does carbon capture and storage have a role. I cannot for instance, CaO of decarbonizing cement without carbon capture and storage, because the very process of turning calcium carbonate, CaCo3 into calcium oxide, CaO is bound to produce CO2, 3. Lo scenario internazionale della transizione energetica 43
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDY5NjA=