2. Relazioni di scenario 53 with most fossil fuel alternatives. But there’s still a big challenge in making this transition, but cost is not any longer the obstacle. This is transformational. This is one of the leading companies in semiconductor technologies, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Association, so I just picked them. And this is a picture of where we are in terms of the density of transistors on a chip (Slide 4, page 60). Over there on the right-hand side, where it says 171, this is five nanometer-scale semiconductors. And the number 171 is the number of millions of transistors in a square millimeter of semiconductor. A square millimeter. And we’re about two or three years away from three-nanoscale. These are enormously important. They’re powerful. They fuel artificial intelligence, which you heard about. They’re faster and lower in energy consumption, and they’re big part of the energy transition as well. This is the cost of DNA sequencing (Slide 5, page 61). I guess when we first did it 25 or 30 years ago, it was, I don’t know, $10 million and then it got down to a million. It followed Moore’s law, for those of you who know Moore’s law. And then it exceeded Moore’s law and dropped like a stone. So we’re at about 1,030 dollars, per DNA sequence. And it won’t be long before we’re at 500. This is a fundamental tool in biological research, DNA sequencing. So now it’s cheap, widely available, lots of entities do it. Young researchers have access to this to pursue their research. This one, this terrifies most people actually (Slide 6, page 61). This is gene editing. And these are the two women who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work that led to the ability to edit genes. The reason it’s terrifying, of course, is there’s enormously powerful positive uses of this in dealing with diseases, and there’s some fairly scary uses of it that the scientific community hopes to prevent. A couple more. Maybe I might stop with this one, but I have a couple of more minutes to go. This is the 3D structure of proteins (Slide 7, page 62). Lots of people know what the sort of amino-acid sequences in proteins are, but that doesn’t help you if you’re trying to develop vaccines, you know, or drugs, because you have to know how they bond with other molecules. And in order to know what how they bond, you have to know how they fold, and that means the 3D structure. This is, up until basically now, a very intensive difficult lab-based process of detecting sequence. DeepMind is – I think you all
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